What drives the frequent replacement of a previously circulating DENV clade by another is unclear. DENV consists of four serotypes, in turn composed of genotypes and genetically distinct clades. This is due to globalization, unplanned urbanization, and climate change, as well as host genetics and immune responses and viral genetic changes. Dengue epidemics continue to increase in frequency, geographic range, and severity and are a major public health concern. albopictus mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. IMPORTANCE Dengue virus (DENV), one of the most medically important arthropod-borne viruses, is transmitted to humans by Aedes aegypti and A. aegypti, suggests a shorter extrinsic incubation period for NI-2B viruses, which could have contributed to the clade replacement event in Managua. This early fitness advantage of NI-2B viruses over NI-1 viruses in the native vector, A. Taken together, these data demonstrate that clade NI-2B holds a replicative advantage over clade NI-1 early in infection that wanes at later time points. We also found that the percentage of mosquitoes in which NI-2B viruses were dominant was significantly higher than that in which NI-1 viruses were dominant on day 7 but not at later time points. At 7 dpi, NI-2B viruses displayed a significantly higher replicative index in legs and salivary glands however, this advantage was lost by 14 and 21 dpi. Results consistently showed a significant replicative advantage of NI-2B over NI-1 viruses early after infection in vitro, and in mosquitoes, NI-2B viruses attained a higher replicative index than NI-1 isolates 3 to 7 days postinfection (dpi). In coinfection experiments, several different pairs of NI-1 and NI-2B clinical isolates were used to infect Aag2 cells or blood-fed A. aegypti mosquitoes reared from eggs collected in Managua. Here, we describe our studies of the replicative ability of NI-1 and NI-2B viruses in an A. We previously reported a clade replacement of the DENV-2 Asian-American genotype NI-1 clade by the NI-2B clade in Managua, Nicaragua. albopictus mosquitoes, causing up to 390 million DENV infections worldwide each year. The four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes (DENV serotype 1 to DENV-4) are transmitted by Aedes aegypti and A. Our quarterly EDUseries will educate on: Vital Muscle as Preventative Medicine (2) Integrative Nutrition and Wellness and (3) Preventing and Rehabbing Injury with Spine & Core Strength. Our Practitioners provide structured programs, as well as comprehensive, ongoing clinical support.īeing “ InForm ED ” equips you to be your own healthcare advocate and shape the quality of life YOU deserve. Our Integrative Nutrition & Lifestyle Practice guides our Clients in achieving optimal health and wellbeing through a combination of nutritional counseling and inspired lifestyle changes.įLT is an evidence-based, clinically designed operating system for implementing personalized lifestyle medicine and plant-based supplemental protocols, designed to significantly reduce the risk of, manage or even reverse chronic metabolic disease, such as heart disease, diabetes and obesity. One of the earliest signs of failing health is disproportionate cellular hydration, indicating possible toxicity or disease. Our protocol offers extremely effective conditioning, for people with minimal time, looking for optimal results, with NO GYM CLOTHES NECESSARY, ever!īIA Testing tracks your body composition and metabolic health, as well as your hydration and water distribution at a cellular level, to provide concrete, measurable data to be monitored continually. The Consultation is an opportunity for us to explain what we do and why, learn more about You and offer a trial Workout.
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